Turks in Germany, also referred to as German Turks and Turkish Germans (German: Türken in Deutschland / Deutsch-Türken; Turkish: Almanya'da yaşayan Türkler / Almanya Türkleri), are ethnic Turkish people living in blogger.com terms are also used to refer to German-born individuals who are of full or partial Turkish ancestry. Whilst the majority of Turks arrived or originate from Turkey We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us Mycenae (/ m aɪ ˈ s iː n iː / my-SEE-nee; Ancient Greek: Μυκῆναι or Μυκήνη, Mykē̂nai or Mykḗnē) is an archaeological site near Mykines in Argolis, north-eastern Peloponnese, blogger.com is located about kilometres (75 miles) south-west of Athens; 11 kilometres (7 miles) north of Argos; and 48 kilometres (30 miles) south of Corinth
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It is located about kilometres 75 miles south-west of Athens ; 11 kilometres 7 miles north of Argos ; and 48 kilometres 30 miles south of Corinth. The site is 19 kilometres 12 miles inland from the Saronic Gulf and built upon a hill rising feet metres above sea level. In the second millennium BC, Mycenae was one of the major centres of Greek civilization, a military stronghold which dominated much of southern Greece, Cretethe Cyclades and parts of southwest Anatolia.
The period of Greek history from about BC to about BC is called Mycenaean in reference to Mycenae. At its peak in BC, the citadel and lower town had a population of 30, and an area of 32 hectares. The first correct identification of Mycenae in modern literature was during a survey conducted by Francesco Grimani, commissioned by the Provveditore Generale of the Kingdom of the Morea in[5] who used Pausanias 's description of the Lion Gate to identify the ruins of Mycenae.
Although the citadel was built by Greeksthe name Mukanai is thought not to be Greek but rather one of the many pre-Greek place names inherited by the immigrant Greeks, single party stuttgart si centrum. Thus, Pausanias ascribes the name to the legendary founder Perseuswho was said to have named it either after the cap mykēs of the sheath of his sword, or after a mushroom he had plucked on the site.
The earliest written form of the name is Mykḗnē Μυκήνηwhich is found in Homer. The change of ā to ē in more recent versions of the name is the result of a well-known sound change in later Attic - Ionic.
Mycenae, an acropolis site, was built on a hill feet metres above sea level, some 19 kilometres 12 miles inland from the Gulf of Argolis. Situated in the north-east corner of the Argive plain, it easily overlooked the whole area and was ideally positioned to be a centre of power, especially as it commanded single party stuttgart si centrum easy routes to the Isthmus of Corinth.
Besides its strong defensive and strategic position, it had good farmland and an adequate water supply. EN Rainbow Ware constitutes the earliest ceramic evidence discovered so far. The population had grown considerably by the Middle Helladic. As elsewhere, a dominant Cretan influence prevailed from c. Circle A is dated to the sixteenth century BC including the transition from Middle to Late Helladic IA LHIA; c.
Pottery material spanning the entire Early Helladic was discovered —78 by Panagiotis Stamatakis at a low depth in the sixth shaft grave in Circle A.
Further EH and MH material was found beneath the walls and floors of the palace, single party stuttgart si centrum, on the summit of the acropolis, and outside the Lion Gate in the area of the ancient cemetery.
In the absence of documents and objects that can be precisely dated, events at Mycenae can only be dated relatively within the constraints of Helladic chronology which relies on categorisation of stratified material objects, mainly pottery, within an agreed historical framework. Mycenae developed into a major power during LHI c, single party stuttgart si centrum.
The Minoan hegemony was ended c, single party stuttgart si centrum. From then on, Mycenaean expansion throughout the Aegean was unhindered until the massive disruption of society in the first half of the twelfth century LHIIIC which ended Mycenaean civilisation and culminated in the destruction of Mycenae itself c. Outside the partial circuit wall, Grave Circle Bnamed for its enclosing wall, contained ten cist graves in Middle Helladic style and several shaft graves, sunk more deeply, with interments resting in cists.
Richer grave goods mark the burials as possibly regal. Mounds over the top contained broken drinking vessels and bones from a repast, testifying to a more than ordinary farewell. A walled enclosure, Grave Circle Aincluded six more shaft graves, with nine female, eight male, and two juvenile interments. Grave goods were more costly than in Circle B.
The presence of engraved and inlaid swords and daggerswith spear points and arrowheads, leave little doubt that warrior chieftains and their families were buried here. Some art objects obtained from the graves are the Silver Siege Rhytonthe Mask of Agamemnonthe Cup of Nestorand weapons both votive and practical. Alan Wace divided the nine tholos tombs of Mycenae into three groups of three, each based on architecture.
His earliest — the Cyclopean Tomb, Epano Phournos, and the Tomb of Aegisthus — are dated to LHIIA. Burial in tholoi is seen as replacing burial in shaft graves. The care taken to preserve the shaft graves testifies that they were by then part of the royal heritage, the tombs of the ancestral heroes. Being more visible, the tholoi all had been plundered either in antiquity, or in later historic times. At a conventional date of BC, the fortifications on the acropolisand other surrounding hills, were rebuilt in a style known as Cyclopean because the blocks of stone used were so massive that they were thought in later ages to be the work of the one-eyed giants known as the Cyclopes.
The final palace, remains of which are currently visible on the acropolis of Mycenae, single party stuttgart si centrum, dates to the start of LHIIIA Earlier palaces must have existed, but they had been cleared away or built over. The construction of palaces at that time with a similar architecture was general throughout southern Greece. They all featured a megaronor throne room, with a raised central hearth under an opening in the roof, which was supported by four columns in a square around the hearth.
A throne was placed against the center of a wall to the side of the hearth, allowing an unobstructed view of the ruler from the entrance. Frescos adorned the plaster walls and floor.
The room was accessed from a courtyard with a columned portico. A grand staircase led from a terrace below single party stuttgart si centrum the courtyard on the acropolis. In the temple built within the citadel, a scarab of Queen Tiye of Egyptwho was married to Amenhotep IIIwas placed in the Room of the Idols alongside at least one statue of either LHIIIA:2 or B:1 type. It is likely single party stuttgart si centrum Amenhotep's herald presented the scarab to an earlier generation, which then found the resources to rebuild the citadel as Cyclopean and then, to move the scarab here.
Wace's second group of tholoi are dated between LHIIA and LHIIIB: Kato Phournos, Panagia Tholos, and the Lion Tomb. The final group, Group III: the Treasury of Atreusthe Tomb of Clytemnestra and the Tomb of the Genii, are dated to LHIIIB by a sherd under the threshold of the Treasury of Atreus, the largest of the nine tombs.
Like the Treasury of Minyas at Orchomenus the tomb had been looted of its contents and its nature as funerary monument had been forgotten.
The structure bore single party stuttgart si centrum traditional name of "Treasury". The pottery phases on which the relative dating scheme is based EH, MH, LH, single party stuttgart si centrum, etc. do not allow very precise dating, even augmented by the few existing C dates due to the tolerance inherent in these. The sequence of further construction at Mycenae is approximately as follows. In the middle of LHIIIB, around BC or so, the Cyclopean wall was extended on the west slope to include Grave Circle A.
The Lion Gate was constructed in the form of a "Relieving Triangle" in order to support the weight of the stones. An undecorated postern gate also was constructed through the north wall. One of the few groups of excavated houses in the city outside the walls lies beyond Grave Circle B and belongs to the same period. The House of Shields, the House of the Oil Merchant, the House of the Sphinxes, and the West House.
These may have been both residences and workshops. Citadel facts and figures Circuit length: 1, metres 3, ft Preserved height: up to M or 14, average stones 10 tons Time to move 1 Block using men: 2. The largest stones including the lintels and single party stuttgart si centrum jambs weighed well over 20 tonnes; some may have been close to tonnes. Somewhat later, toward the end of LHIIIB around BC, single party stuttgart si centrum, another, final extension to the citadel was undertaken, single party stuttgart si centrum.
It was fed by a tunnel from a spring on more distant higher ground. During LHIIIB, Mycenae's political, military and economic influence likely extended as far as CretePylos in the western Peloponnese, and to Athens and Thebes.
Hellenic settlements already were being placed on the coast of Anatolia. A collision with the Hittite Empire over their sometime dependency at a then strategic location, Troy, was to be expected. In folklore, the powerful Pelopid family ruled many Greek states, one branch of which was the Atreid dynasty at Mycenae.
By BC, the power single party stuttgart si centrum Mycenae was declining; finally, during the 12th century BC, Mycenaean dominance collapsed entirely. The eventual destruction of Mycenae formed part of the general Bronze Age collapse in the Greek mainland and beyond. Within a short time around BC, all the palace complexes of southern Greece were burned, including that at Mycenae. This was traditionally attributed by scholars to a Dorian invasion of Greeks from the north, although many historians now doubt that this invasion caused the destruction of the Mycenaean centres.
Displaced populations escaped to former colonies of the Mycenaeans in Anatolia and elsewhere. Emily Vermeule suggests that the disruption of commercial networks at the end of the 13th century BC was disastrous for Greece and this was followed by the coming of the mysterious " Sea Peoples ", who caused chaos in the Aegean. They may be related with the destruction of the Mycenaean centers the records of Pylos mention sea-attack.
However at the end of LHIIIB period, the Mycenaeans undertook an expedition against Troy, which meant that the sea was safe with no indication of destruction in the Aegean islands. Another theory has drought as the primary cause behind the Mycenaean decline.
Mylonas noticed that after BC, some attempt was made for recovery in Mycenae. He believes that in the Argolid there was internal fighting, and this was followed by the Dorian invasion. Single party stuttgart si centrum seems that the Dorians moved southward gradually in small clans, until they managed to establish themselves. Amos Nur argues that earthquakes played a major role in the destruction of Mycenae and many other cities at the end of the Bronze Age. Whatever the cause, by the LHIIIC period whose latest phase is also termed "Submycenaean"Mycenae was no longer a major power.
Pottery and decorative styles were changing rapidly with craftsmanship and fine art undergoing a decline. Although settlements were significantly reduced in size, the citadel remained occupied but never regained its earlier importance.
A temple dedicated to Hera was built on the summit of the Mycenaean citadel during the Archaic Period. A Mycenaean contingent fought at Thermopylae and Plataea during the Persian Wars. In BC, however, troops from Argos captured Mycenae, expelled the inhabitants and razed the fortifications.
Mycenae was briefly reoccupied in the Hellenistic period, when it could boast a theatre located over the Tomb of Clytemnestra. The site was subsequently abandoned, and by the Roman period in Greece its ruins had become a tourist attraction. The ancient travel writer Pausaniasfor example, visited the site and briefly described the prominent fortifications and the Lion Gate, still visible in his time, the second century AD.
Pausanias also describes being led to the site by shepherds, showing that the surrounding area was never completely abandoned, single party stuttgart si centrum. It appears that the Mycenaean state was ruled by kings identified by the title ������wa-na-ka "wanax' in the Linear B inscriptions at Knossos and Pylos. Wanax had the supreme authority and was represented by a number of officials. In the Homeric poems, the word form is anax ἄναξoften translated in English as "lord".
Some inscriptions with a list of offerings indicate that the king was probably divine, but the term "for the king" is usually accompanied by another name. βασιλεύς" basileús "which was later used in Greece for "king", was apparently used for the "chief" single party stuttgart si centrum any group of people, or for a provincial official.
Homer mentions many basilees in Ithaca. The land possessed by the king is usually called ������te-me-no τέμενος" témenos "a word that survived single party stuttgart si centrum classical Greece the temenos placed by Hephaestus on the shield of Achilles is called "royal".
In classical single party stuttgart si centrum the word has a religious connotation.
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